EIA 40%
On the eBOLD ≈ €13,300 tax deduction; on the eHAUSTUS ≈ €31,000.
Energy
± €0.07/km vs ± €0.15/km diesel — ≈ €12,000 advantage per 150,000 km.
Maintenance
Fewer wear items — ≈ €6,000 advantage over the term.
Levy & zones
≈ €6,930/year levy advantage + ZE-zone access = revenue protection.